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Malware is the term for malicious software programs that infect and interfere with computers, tablets and other devices. They can steal or encrypt data, alter core computer functions and even hijack device settings. They often communicate back to the hacker, revealing sensitive information or providing clues about your online activity. They can also disrupt organizational work, stealing critical information that could be used to make a profit or undermine your organization’s ability to compete.

Most malware infections happen when a user inadvertently clicks an infected link or downloads a malicious program. But hackers can also hide malware in peer-to-peer file sharing programs and free software bundles, distributing it to large numbers of users. They can even exploit mobile app security flaws to embed malware in popular programs. Attackers can then use these programs to spy on you, infect your device with other malware or cause widespread attacks like DDoS and spam.

The most common types of malware include adware, spyware and botnets. Adware displays unauthorized ads to earn money, often slowing a device’s performance. Spyware collects personal or financial information without a user’s consent, including login credentials and passwords, to sell to third parties. Botnets are networks of infected computers that attackers control remotely, used to execute large-scale attacks, such as DDoS and spamming.

Some forms of malware, such as cryptominers and ransomware, hijack computing power to steal valuable digital currency. Others, such as wiper malware, destroy files and disrupt organizational work. The motives behind these attacks can vary, from making money to sabotaging business or political competitors.