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In today’s technology-driven world, hacking has become a global phenomenon that impacts everyone from individuals to entire industries. From ransomware attacks shutting down businesses for days at a time to data hacks affecting billions of user accounts, hackers have grown increasingly sophisticated and adept at eluding cybersecurity software systems and penetrating networks with stealthy attack methods. Hackers can be ethical or malicious; a rogue hacker who steals business secrets from rival companies may be seen as an economic threat while a nation state that tampers with the infrastructure of an adversary for political propaganda purposes could be deemed politically motivated.

The term hacking was coined in the 1960s at MIT by members of a model train club who liked to tinker with and find solutions that took the limits off of existing technologies like electrical circuits and train sets. The modern and most familiar use of the word hacking is to gain unauthorized access to computer systems but there are also legal ways to hack for work. These people are called ethical hackers.

Those who hack for malicious reasons are often referred to as red hackers. They can be motivated by a desire to steal business or personal information for profit, or they can hack for the sheer thrill of seeing their attack succeed and gain a competitive advantage over rivals. Sometimes they are even inspired by anger or a desire to exact revenge on others. Some hack for the good of society and may be known as grey or white hackers.