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Hacking is a popular activity where people exploit a weakness in computer systems and networks to gain access to information or services that they are not authorized to use. Hackers often have a deep understanding of the inner workings of these digital systems which allows them to create unique solutions and find bugs that can be exploited. Some hackers use their skills in a positive way while others use their talents for malicious purposes.

Hackers can be found in almost any industry, including law enforcement and government agencies. In fact, some of the most famous tech designers and inventors, such as Donald Knuth, Ken Thompson, Vinton Cerf, Steve Jobs, and Bill Gates are considered to be hackers. However, the term has a negative connotation due to the activities of criminals and other threat actors who take advantage of security flaws in software and hardware. This has led to the rise of a nuanced definition of hacker that distinguishes between those who push the boundaries of knowledge without harm and those who engage in malicious activities.

Ethical hackers, also known as white hat hackers, identify system vulnerabilities and report them to the owners. These hackers are not allowed to break into a system without permission, but they do so to identify and mitigate threats before they cause significant damage.

Black hat hackers are those who breach these digital systems for their own gain, typically for financial or other personal reasons. These individuals are sometimes called phishers, spammers or fraudsters. Those who breach systems to send social, religious, political and other messages are referred to as hacktivists. Those who rely on pre-made scripts in their hacking efforts are referred to as script kiddies.